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Caspar Coolhaes, or Koolhaas, (1536–1615) was a Reformed minister in the Netherlands and a libertine opponent of Calvinistic confessionalism.〔''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation'', under encyclopedia reference for Caspar Coolhaes〕〔''Thomas Erastus and the Palatinate: A Renaissance Physician in the Second Reformation,'' Charles Gunnoe, (2010), page 394〕 Caspar Coolhaes was born in Cologne in 1536. He studied at Düsseldorf. In 1566 he joined the Reformation. He pastored in the regions of Zweibruck and Nassau. In 1574 he accepted a professorship at the new University of Leiden. He became a noted figure in the 16th century in the Netherlands in the conflict between how the church and state should interact. An influx of strict Calvinists into Leiden lobbied for the church's freedom to deal harshly with heretics and impose punishments, while Protestants Coolhaes, Pieter Hackius,〔''The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620'', Charles H. Parker, Cambridge University Press, (Nov 28, 1998), page 159〕 and others argued along with Thomas Erastus that it was right for the civil magistrates to maintain control over punishment and order, even in church matters.〔''Adrianus Saravia (ca. 1532-1613): Dutch Calvinist, First Reformend Defender of the English Episcopal Church Order on the Basis of the Ius Divinum,'' Willem Nijenhuis, (1980), page 48〕 The dispute was engendered, in part, by the fear that the unfettered church could in theory create an increasingly totalitarian state with its own systems of punishments.〔''History of the Christian Church'', by Phillip Schaff, Chapter 13, Section 107: "Calvin succeeded after a fierce struggle in infusing the Church of Geneva with his views on discipline...Even the number of dishes at meals was regulated... Watchmen were appointed to see that people went to church... A girl was beheaded for striking her parents, to vindicate the dignity of the fifth commandment."〕 A provincial synod at Haarlem eventually excommunicated Coolhaes on 25 March 1582 when he refused to sign the Belgic Confession. However, the city government of Leiden subsidized Coolhaes until 1586.〔''The Reformation of Community: Social Welfare and Calvinist Charity in Holland, 1572-1620'', Charles H. Parker, Cambridge University Press, (Nov 28, 1998), page 159〕 He eventually resigned the professorship at the University of Leiden, and died a private teacher at Leiden in 1615. Because of his opposition to the Calvinist governmental model, opposition to the Calvinist doctrine of absolute predestination, Coolhaes' appeal for religious liberty, in combination with his professorship when Jacob Arminius was a student at Leiden, Coolhaes is considered by some as an important forerunner to Arminianism.〔''Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical notes. Volume I,'' Phillip Schaff, section 65, footnote 976〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Caspar Coolhaes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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